第7講：疑問文と否定文 — 助動詞で作る核心構造

英語の疑問文と否定文を正しく作るには**助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）**の理解が不可欠です。特に do/does/did の使い方を間違えると、英語が一気に不自然になってしまいます。

疑問文の作り方

Yes/No疑問文

be動詞・助動詞がある文：主語と動詞を倒置します。

平叙文	疑問文
She is a teacher.	Is she a teacher?
They can swim.	Can they swim?
He has finished.	Has he finished?

一般動詞の文（be動詞・助動詞なし）：do/does/did を文頭に。

平叙文	疑問文
She works here.	Does she work here?
They play tennis.	Do they play tennis?
He went to school.	Did he go to school?

Wh疑問文

**「疑問詞 + Yes/No疑問文の語順」**が基本です。

疑問詞	意味	例文
What	何	What do you do?
Where	どこ	Where does she live?
When	いつ	When did they arrive?
Why	なぜ	Why is he late?
Who	誰（主語）	Who called you?
Whom	誰（目的語）	Whom did you see?
How	どのように	How do you feel?
How many/much	いくつ/いくら	How many people came?

主語を尋ねるとき（Who/What が主語）：語順は倒置なし！

• Who called you?（Whoが主語なので倒置なし）
• What happened?（Whatが主語なので倒置なし）
• vs. Whom did you call?（Whomが目的語なので倒置あり）

否定文の作り方

be動詞・助動詞がある文

be動詞・助動詞 + not を加えます。

肯定文	否定文	短縮形
She is happy.	She is not happy.	She isn’t happy.
They can swim.	They cannot swim.	They can’t swim.
He has finished.	He has not finished.	He hasn’t finished.

一般動詞の否定文

do/does/did + not + 動詞の原形

肯定文	否定文
She works here.	She does not (doesn’t) work here.
They play tennis.	They do not (don’t) play tennis.
He went to school.	He did not (didn’t) go to school.

付加疑問文（Tag Questions）

文末に短い疑問を付けて確認する表現です。

ルール：肯定文 → 否定の付加疑問、否定文 → 肯定の付加疑問

文	付加疑問
She is a doctor,	isn’t she?
They can swim,	can’t they?
He doesn’t smoke,	does he?
You’ve met her,	haven’t you?

よくあるミスと修正

• ❌ Do you can help me? → ✅ Can you help me?（助動詞があるのにdoは不要）
• ❌ She doesn’t knows him. → ✅ She doesn’t know him.（doesの後は原形）
• ❌ What you are doing? → ✅ What are you doing?（疑問詞の後も倒置が必要）
• ❌ He don’t like it. → ✅ He doesn’t like it.（3人称単数はdoes）

今日の講義のまとめ

• be動詞・助動詞がある文は倒置で疑問文を作る。
• 一般動詞の疑問文・否定文はdo/does/didを使い、動詞は原形にする。
• Wh疑問文は「疑問詞 + Yes/No疑問文の語順」が基本。
• Whoが主語のとき（Who called you?）は語順の倒置なし。
• 付加疑問文は肯定⇔否定の対応を忘れずに。