第12講：間接話法 — 他の人の発言を伝える

間接話法（reported speech、またはindirect speech）は、誰かの言葉をそのまま引用せずに伝えるときに使います。時制、代名詞、時間表現を体系的に変える必要があります。

時制の後退（Tense Backshift）表

伝達動詞（said、told、asked）が過去形のとき、従属節の動詞は一つ前の時制に移行します：

直接話法	間接話法
単純現在 →	単純過去
現在進行 →	過去進行
現在完了 →	過去完了
単純過去 →	過去完了
will →	would
can →	could
may →	might
must →	had to / must（推論の場合）

例文：

• “I am tired,” she said. → She said she was tired.
• “We have finished,” they said. → They said they had finished.
• “I will call you,” he said. → He said he would call me.

人称代名詞と所有格の変化

代名詞は話す人と聞く人によって変わります：

• “I love my job,” Tom said. → Tom said he loved his job.
• “We will help you,” they said. → They said they would help me/us.

時間表現の変換

直接話法	間接話法
now	then
today	that day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
last week	the week before / the previous week
next year	the following year
here	there
this	that
these	those

疑問文の間接話法

Yes/No 疑問文には if または whether を使います：

• “Are you ready?” → He asked if I was ready.

Wh- 疑問文は Wh- 単語を保持し、平叙文の語順（倒置なし）で書きます：

• “Where do you live?” → She asked me where I lived.

命令文と依頼文の間接話法

tell/ask + 目的語 + to不定詞 のパターンを使います：

• “Close the door!” → He told me to close the door.
• “Please help me.” → She asked me to help her.
• “Don’t be late!” → He told me not to be late.

said以外のさまざまな伝達動詞

動詞	パターン	例文
suggest	suggest + -ing	She suggested going by train.
advise	advise + 目的語 + to	He advised me to rest.
warn	warn + 目的語 + not to	She warned him not to touch it.
admit	admit + -ing	He admitted making a mistake.
deny	deny + -ing	She denied stealing the money.
refuse	refuse + to	He refused to apologize.

今日の講義のまとめ

• 直接話法を間接話法に変えるとき、時制の後退を正しく適用できる。
• 間接話法で代名詞と時間表現を正確に変えられる。
• 疑問文と命令文を間接話法に変え、さまざまな伝達動詞を活用できる。